K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya

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Since the enunciation, soon after independence, of the National Forest Policy in 1952, many changes of far reaching consequence have taken place in the country, in the social and the economic field, which necessitate restatement of this Policy. The area under forest has progressively shrank. Had the sagacious counsel of the 1952 policy been heeded and adequate Treelands and Fuel-cum-Fodder Reserves created, and grazing in the forest controlled, we would have solved to a great extent, the vexed problem of Nistar and saved the accessible forests from depletion. The best solution for meeting the changed circumstances, and yet safeguarding the future, is to exploit the existing depleted forests of inferior, slow-growing trees, as early as feasible, and then to fully restock the felled over area with superior, faster growing trees before the ecological conditions deteriorate, and thereafter to protect and tend the crops thus obtained till their financial maturity. The revised policy should also lay down that research should be intensified, better amenities provided to the forest personnel and people made forest-conscious by audio-visual propaganda.

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya

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On the presumption that frest-bite in plants is caused when temperature of the surrounding cold air falls below a certain level, the writer suggests a method of preventing frost by inducing circulation of the stagnant cold air by cutting a series of strips across the frost-liable depression running in the direction of the prevailing wind in the locality.

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya

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A method of tending irregular teak crops of coppice origin is described. The crop is considered ready for the first cleaning-cum-thinning operations when the 'declared' stems have attained a height of 25 to 30 feet. All malformed shoots, interfering shrubs and bamboo regrowth are first cut back to facilitate working. After this cleaning, the best of the dominant stems, termed elites, are selected for retention and given the optimum growing space by felling the inferior dominant and dominated stems interfering with their crowns. By optimum growing space is meant a clear space round an elite, of radius R feet, where R is equal to the overbark, breast-height diameter of the stem in inches, plus 3. On the basis of this formula, the normal spacing between two adjacent stems of diameters D₁ and D₂ inches, is (D₁ + D₂+ 6) or say S feet. A variation of ±2 feet is permitted. When the actual distance, say X, between two adjacnt stems is equal to (S±2) feet these stems are considered ideally spaced and both are retained as elites. When X is less than (S - 2) feet, the stem of the smaller diameter is removed, as it is putting on lesser value increment. If the two stems are more or less equal in size, uniform spacing between retained stems is given prefernce over stem-quality. When X is more than (S+2) feet, a courtesy elite is retained between the two good dominants, or else reliance is placed on coppice from the cut-back stems, to prevent abnormal development of the elites, as also to fully utilise the intervening growing space. Suppressed stems are also retained as nurses to clean the boles of elites. Hence the name Single Stem Silviculture.

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya

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Describes how the normal N/D curve could be used as a guide (a) to thin teak plantations and (b) to measure and control the "degree" at thinning.

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya

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Suggests the use of the 'normal' N/D correlation for teak of coppice-origin in the same manner as the N/V correlation has been used by O'Connor for solving a variety of specific problems connected with thinning regimes, in his paper on Forest Research with special reference to Planting Distances Submitted to the British Empire Forestry Conference, South Africa, 1935. A simpler notation has been used. Part I deals with definitions and the theory involved. The Basic Graph A gives the normal N/D Curve, the Free Growth Zone, the Suppression Zone and the Normal N/D year-lines. Suppression and Response are mathematically expressed and it is shown how the crop-diameter at any age under specified suppression or response could be arrived at. The Basic Graph B gives the correlation between Suppression and Response. Part II deals with the application of the two Basic Graphs to specific problems, viz., ( I ) the shortest rotation at which the largest number of elites could attain a desired size; ( ii ) the largest number of elites that could be grown per acre to obtain the maximum volume without thinnings; ( iii) the optimum thinning regime to obtain the highest total yield of the largest size of poles; ( iv ) the effect of competition between elites on the total yield; ( v ) the effect of one delayed thinning on the total yield. How allowance for increase in crop-diameter after a thinning and the true relationship between the coefficients of Suppression and Response could be made is also shown. Part III describes how plots could be laid out and measured to obtain the basic N/D year-lines normal N/D Curve, and a graphical correlation between Suppression and Response. It is urged that the theory outlined be tested by research workers.

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya

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The paper describes a feasible method of thinning irregular young crops of teak, of coppice, seedling-coppice and seedling origin, with the help of intelligent Forest Guards and mazdoors. It prescribes selection of the best stems and then giving each of them the optimum growing space, according to the formula D = 1.5 (d+4) where D is the diameter of the growing space in feet, and d is the diameter of the stem in inches. Accordingly, two adjacent stems of diameters d₁ and d₂ inches are considered as ideally spaced when the distance between them is equal to 1.5 {d₁ + d₂/2 +4}feet. To check that thinnings to the desired intensity have been carried out, it is suggested that small plots be laid out and the arithmetical average diameter of /lites determined and checked against the approximate formula- N = ( 150/X + 4)² where N is the number of stems per acre. It is emphasized that due allowance should be made for vacant spaces which are likely to be left wherever the original crops is not fully stocked.

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya , M. A. Waheed Khan

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C.S.I.R.O., Australia has recently reviewed the world literature on Eucalyptus as a pulping material. In all, so far 23 species have proved useful for the production of paper and rayon pulp. Introduction and extension of these Eucalyptus species in the plantation forestry of the country are discussed. Hints are also given for the correct site selection for the individual species of Eucalyptus and the expected wood yields. It transpires that Eucalypts for pulping should be grown on short rotation (say 10 to 20 years), and fast growth be induced by irrigation and application of manures.

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K. P. Sagreiya , V. J. Chacko

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Section I deals with the mathematical analysis of Brandis idea of yield regulation on the lines initiated by Sagreiya and based on the data used by him, by Mishra, and Tiwari. The interesting conclusion obtained was that in the third and subsequent cycles, exploitation can be on the basis of equiextensive coupes. Section II presents a working formula which is safe and simple to use in practice and consistent with the concept of Brandis. Some remarks are also given on the basic assumptions used in Section I. Readers interested only in the general argument and final results may omit Section I which is mainly of theoretical interest.

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K. P. Sagreiya , P. Venkataramany

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Economics of cattle-dung used in India, as a source of domestic fuel and as a fertilizer, are discussed. The consumption and demand trends of energy in India, especially in relation to energy used in house-holds, are reviewed. The production of cow-dung in India, as computed by different authorities, is detailed and it is concluded that about 100 million tons of dry dung (equivalent to 50 million tons of coal) are used as domestic fuel. The burning of cow-dung as domestic fuel is equivalent to destroying annually as much fertlllzer as eight SINDRI fertilizer plants can produce. The manurial value of cow-dung is examined and it is shown to contain ingredients per ton of cow-dung worth Rs. 95/- per ton, while its fuel value is only Rs.40/- per ton. Hence it is concluded that it would be far more economic to use it as manure rather than as fuel. India requires about 25 million tons additional fire-wood annually to meet the shortfall of supplies from unrecorded sources in future years. An extra 100 million tons of fuel-wood is needed to replace cow-dung, bringing the total additional demand to 125 million ton. annually. All this cannot be met by fuelwood plantations. Increased production from primary sources of energy, such as coal, oil, hydro-electric power, lignite and natural gas, is necessary. Assuming that the equivalent of 75 million tons of wood is met by increased production of primary sources coupled with larger yields from State forests as a result of more efficient management of existing forests, the remaining 50 million tons of fuel-wood can be obtained by raising 25 million acres of plantations of fast-growing fuel-wood species. If the cost of planting is Rs.100/- per acre, trees mature in 10 years and on clearfelling can coppice for 5 rotations, the eventual cost of planting is oniy Rs.2/- per acre. Therefore, the maintenance of 25 million acres of plantations would eventually cost Rs.5 crores annually. The rational use of cow-dung for manure and the creation of alternative sources of fuel can be supplemented by recourse to improved chulhas to minimise fuel consumption and dung gas plants to utilise the heat energy without destroying its manurial value. These are briefly described. A detailed bibliography of literature on the subject is appended.

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya , V. J. Chacko

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Site quality index for even aged teak forests based on 'top height' is defined and a convenient method of determining the site quality explained. Three equations giving (1) the top height corresponding to a site quality and age, (2) the normal diameter corresponding to a top height and (3) the normal number of trees per acre given the average diameter are presented. These three equations essentially summarise the yield table for even-aged teak forests. Based on the equations the yield tables for different quality classes are reconstructed. A general method of predicting the average diameter at any age of a specified number of initially selected elites uniformly spaced and tended is presented and tables and graph given for Quality Class II forests. The application of the graph to the problem of making optimum use of growing space in growing poles of a specified diameter is explained.

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K. P. Sagreiya

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This paper reviews the current trends in the practice of forestry, particularly relating to Silviculture (including Experimental Silviculture, Mensuration, Ecology, Soil Science and Forest Influences), Forest Genetics, Plant Physiology, Plant Introduction and Forest Protection (including Forest Entomology and Mycology).

Silviculture: The technique of natural regeneration is based on ecological approach and plantation forestry is related to site classification, soil characteristics, climatic behaviour, soil moisture regime, mechanisation of routine operations, use of genetically superior planting stock, fertilization, irrigation, adoption of exotics, etc. Chemical control of weeds is being increasingly made. Fungoid and insect pests are being dealt by precautionery measures, hygienic fellings and biological control. Grazing is mainly controlled by dividing the forest into grazing units and fixing maximum incidence of cattle that may be grazed and periodically excluding grazing altogether. Fire protection is relied upon by cleaning fire lines during the critical period. Fire towers are being built and quick means of transport is being installed. A scheme to evolve the method of meteorological fire forecasts has been formulated. In easily accessible areas, management is of an intensive type, either as conversion to uniform system or clearfelling and planting. Around populated land, particularly in drier region, reliance is mainly placed on coppice growth and an efficient system of Coppice-with-Reserves has been evolved. In inaccessible and remote areas Selection-cum-Improvement method of working is still in vogue. Modern mechanised equipment is being used increasingly for reducing harvesting wastage and opening up hitherto locked up areas.

Tree Physiology: Recent advances in tree physiology have materially contributed in shortening the exploitation age of forest species and in the induction of ischolar_maining by the use of hormones. These are important steps in speeding up breeding programmes and perpetuating improved forms by vegetative propagation. Role of water, light and nutrients in tree physiology has been assessed. Hormones and auxins have also been tried with advantage.

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya , K. G. Bhatia

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K. P. Sagreiya , B. Nath

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The Coppice with Reserves system has now been applied to the dry deciduous forests of M.P. and to a certain extent to similar forests in other States, for the last over 30 years. While intrinsically the results have been extremely satisfactory, in that wherever the crops were properly protected and tended, the value of the reserves increased by leaps and bounds, the site-quality improved and regeneration of the principal species was induced. But wherever the valuable pole crop was cashed prematurely and the forests were not protected against fires and heavy grazing the crop regressed. The working of the forests mostly in the interest of the coppice (as most forests had too much malformed growth) on a rotation of 30-40 years also led to removal of much of the reserves. A plea is now made to work the forests more in the interest of the reserves which now predominate, as was the case with coppice in the first round of working, on a cutting cycle of 10 to 15 years, with periodic inventories with a view to maximise production. Biolley's Methode du controle should serve as a guide. It is suggested that the State Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur, M.P., should lay out plots to determine the optimum growing stock to get the highest production.

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K. P. Sagreiya

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Gives excerpts from literature and records of wild life found in the region now constituted as Madhya Pradesh, in proto-historic and historic times. Shows that rhinoceros, elephants, lions and the hunting cheetahs which once roamed the forests have disappeared; wild buffaloes and swamp deer are now confined to restricted spots and the black antelope is fast disappearing.

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K. P. Sagreiya , I. F. S.

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya

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K. P. Sagreiya

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